Are there any methods to help with memorizing the formulas of organic functional groups (ex. alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amine, & amide)?
2 Answers
I wish there were. There is not much you can do but commit them to memory.
Explanation:
A useful concept in organic chemistry is the degree of unsaturation. The following discussion may be longer than I like.
Alkanes have general formula,
So in a FULLY saturated molecule, the hydrogen count is at a maximum. The energy content is also at a maximum in that
So, given a molecular formula,
The way I do it is I relate functional groups by the methods through which you achieve each one. I ended up memorizing them as I learned them.
Specifically, here's how I group things together (there is some repetition to it, but I find it easier than
#1^@# alcohol, aldehyde, carboxylic acid#2^@# alcohol, ketone- carboxylic acid, ester
- nitrile, amide, carboxylic acid
- amine, imine, enamine
- carboxylic acid, acyl chloride, acid anhydride
And alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are simple enough that I do just memorize those.
I group the above functional groups like that because of the way they are related when synthesizing them. Here is roughly how I see it:
I remember the relationships between these functional groups by practicing the reaction mechanisms for each reaction that relates them, so that you get it down to muscle memory. What I would do is start practicing your mechanisms, and hopefully you'll start making some connections.
When writing syntheses, usually the hard part is making the connection between starting reactant and end product. You should be able to think such that you have more trouble with knowing how to get somewhere than with where you want to go each step of the way.