Why is the energy ordering of the #pi# and #sigma# orbitals made from the #2p# atomic orbitals switched going from #"N"_2# to #"O"_2#?
1 Answer
The molecular orbitals of diatomic elements in the second period have orbital mixing effects, and from nitrogen to oxygen, the
The relevant orbitals are the
Due to orbital mixing effects, which are most prevalent in
- the
#sigma_(g)(2s)# orbital is lower in energy than it would be without these effects. - the
#sigma_(g)(2p)# orbital is higher in energy than it would be without these effects.
These orbital mixing effects have a lesser and lesser effect as we go from left to right on the periodic table, so:
- the
#sigma_(g)(2s)# orbital increases in energy (or decreases by less) as we move from left to right on the periodic table. - the
#sigma_(g)(2p)# orbital decreases in energy (or increases by less) as we move from left to right on the periodic table.
You can see that at nitrogen, the
It's because the orbital energy of the
As for why the orbitals "mix", the quick reason is because they have the same "symmetry". It's a quantum mechanical phenomenon.