Question

Help me with the question below ????

Answer 1

Here's what you're starting with:

I'll tell you what I call them, but you'll have to figure out what you should be calling them...

`(1)` is a reduction, so you can use `"H"_2` catalyzed by `"Pd/C"`, a catalytic hydrogenation (electrophilic addition).

You start with an alkene and end up with an alkane (a hydrocarbon with only single bonds).

`(2)` is bromination (electrophilic addition), and is an anti-addition of `2"Br"`. The first addition results in a bromonium intermediate, and the `"Br"^(-)` then backside-attacks to generate the product, known as a vicinal dibromide.

You start with an alkene and form an alkyl dihalide (`R-"X"`), with two halide (`"X"^(-)`) functional groups.

`(3)` is hydrobromination (electrophilic addition), and that can be done using `"HBr"` in `"Et"_2"O"`. You'll have to decide whether this is addition or acid-base though...

You start with an alkene and form an alkyl halide (`R-"X"`), with one halide (`"X"^(-)`) functional group.

`(4)` This is acid-catalyzed hydration (electrophilic addition), generating an `"OH"` on one carbon and an `"H"` on the other. You can do this with `"H"_2"O"` catalyzed by `"H"_2"SO"_4("dil.")`.

You start with an alkene and form an alcohol (`R-"OH"`), with a hydroxyl functional group (`"OH"`).

`(5)` This is `"S"_N2` (substitution) via `"NH"_3`. The byproduct is `"NH"_4"Br"`, a weak acid.

You start with the alkyl halide and form an amine (`R-"N"-R_1R_2`), with an amine (`"N"-R_1R_2`) functional group.

`(6)` This is a substitution, specifically by using `"SOCl"_2` in pyridine. Results in a `"Cl"` displacing an `"OH"`.

You start with the alcohol and replace the hydroxyl functional group with a chloride (`"Cl"^(-)`) functional group, just another type of halide. [The analogous reaction is using `"PBr"_3` to form an alkyl bromide instead.]

`(7)` This is an esterification, substituting `"OH"` for `"OCH"_3` by reacting with `"CH"_3"OH"` in heat. You might call this a substitution...

This begins with the carboxylic acid (with a carboxyl [`"COOH"`] functional group) and forms an ester (with a carboxylate [`"COO"-R`] functional group).