#tan^(-1)x# can be found without a calculator only for some special values of #x#.
Explanation:
For example, #tan^(-1)(-1)=-pi/4#. This is because #sin(-pi/4)=-sqrt2/2# and #cos(-pi/4)=sqrt2/2#, so #tan(-pi/4)=-1#.
In general, #tan^(-1)(x)=theta# implies that #tan(theta)=x#, remembering that #theta# can only take on values from #-pi/2# to #pi/2#. Therefore, to find #tan^(-1)x# you need to think about what value of #theta# would satisfy #tan(theta)=x#?