How are Bronsted lowry acid and bases defined?

1 Answer
Aug 21, 2016

A Brønsted-Lowry acid is any substance (molecule or ion) that can donate a hydrogen ion (#H^(+)#).

A Brønsted-Lowry base is any species that can accept a hydrogen ion (#H^(+)#).

Explanation:

In short, acids have the ability to donate protons and bases have the ability to accept protons.

Take the following reaction for example:

#H_2SO_4 + NH_3 rightleftharpoons NH_4^(+) + HSO_4^(-)#

Sulfuric acid (#H_2SO_4#) is the Brønsted-Lowry acid because it donates a hydrogen ion. Ammonia (#NH_3#) is the Brønsted-Lowry base because it accepts the hydrogen ion.

The Brønsted-Lowry theory also introduces the concept of conjugate acid-base pairs. A conjugate acid-base pair are two species that differ by a (#H^(+)#) ion.

Based on the reaction above, the ammonium ion
(#NH_4^(+)#) is the conjugate acid of the base ammonia and the hydrogen sulfate ion (#HSO_4^(-)#) is the conjugate base of sulfuric acid.

Here's a tip to let you know which substance is the conjugate acid and which substance is the conjugate base:

A conjugate base has one less (#H^(+)#) proton than the acid you started with.

A conjugate acid has one more (#H^(+)#) proton than the base you started with.

Here's general depiction of conjugate acid-base pairs:

study.com

#HA# represents an acid

#B# represents a base

#A^(-)# represents the conjugate base since this substance has one less proton than the acid, HA.

#HB^(+)# represents the conjugate acid since this substance has one more proton than the base, B.

I really hope this makes sense!