What are the general formulas for alkane, alkene, alkyne, alkyl, aldehyde, ketone, cycloalkane?

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What are the general formulas for alkane, alkene, alkyne, alkyl, aldehyde, ketone, cycloalkane?

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Answer 1 · 2015-12-24T15:09:07

A useful idea in this context is $the degree of unsaturation$ $"the degree of unsaturation"$ , which I will outline with the answer.

Explanation:

$Alkanes:$ $"Alkanes:"$ $C_{n} H_{2 n + 2}$ $C_nH_(2n+2)$ ;

$Alkene:$ $"Alkene:"$ $C_{n} H_{2 n}$ $C_nH_(2n)$ ;

$Alkyne:$ $"Alkyne:"$ $C_{n} H_{2 n - 2}$ $C_nH_(2n-2)$ ;

$Alkyl residue:$ $"Alkyl residue:"$ $C_{n} H_{2 n + 1}$ $C_nH_(2n+1)$ ;

$Aldehyde/ketone:$ $"Aldehyde/ketone:"$ $C_{n} H_{2 n} O$ $C_nH_(2n)O$ ;

$Cycloalkane:$ $"Cycloalkane:"$ $C_{n} H_{2 n}$ $C_nH_(2n)$

A fully saturated hydrocarbon, an alkane, has general formula $C_{n} H_{2 n + 2}$ $C_nH_(2n+2)$ : $n = 1$ $n =1$ , methane; $n = 2$ $n =2$ , ethane; $n = 3$ $n =3$ , propane. BY reason of their formula alkanes are said to $HAVE NO DEGREES of UNSATURATION.$ $"HAVE NO DEGREES of UNSATURATION."$

Where the formula is $C_{n} H_{2 n}$ $C_nH_(2n)$ or $C_{n} H_{2 n} O_{m}$ $C_nH_(2n)O_m$ , each 2 hydrogens LESS than $2 n + 2$ $2n+2$ represents a $degree of unsaturation$ $"degree of unsaturation"$ . Each degree of unsaturation represents a double bond OR a ring. Compare cyclopropane to propane or hexane to cyclohexane to cyclohexene; does this formulation hold?

Where there is nitrogen in the formula we substract $N H$ $NH$ from the given formula before assessing its degree of saturation. For $methylamine$ $"methylamine"$ , $H_{3} C H_{2} C N H_{2}$ $H_3CH_2CNH_2$ , we assess a formula of $C_{2} H_{6}$ $C_2H_6$ , no degrees of saturation. For pyridine, $C_{5} H_{5} N$ $C_5H_5N$ , we assess $C_{5} H_{4}$ $C_5H_4$ , $4^{\circ}$ $4^@$ of unsaturation, i.e. 3 olefinic bonds, and one ring..........

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What are the general formulas for alkane, alkene, alkyne, alkyl, aldehyde, ketone, cycloalkane?

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