State two variables that could affect the density of water without changing its form?
1 Answer
Two of the less obscure variables are temperature and pressure, but I will also talk about the purity of the water.
DENSITY VS. TEMPERATURE
Water and other liquids experience thermal expansion at higher and higher temperatures due to a greater average kinetic energy all-around, disrupting the intermolecular forces. Hence, higher temperatures lead to lower densities.
The following equation allows one to calculate the density of water as it varies with temperature, accurate to five decimal places between
#\mathbf(rho_("H"_2"O") ~~ a_0 + a_1T + a_2T^2 + a_3T^3)# where
#a_0 = 0.99989# ,#a_1 = 5.3322xx10^(-5)# ,#a_2 = -7.5899xx10^(-6)# ,#a_3 = 3.6719xx10^(-8)# , and#T# is the temperature in#""^@ "C"# .
If you graph this in Excel, you would get, for example, that the density of water at
The actual densities at
The graph for how the density of water changes according to temperature is like this:
DENSITY VS. PRESSURE
Evidently, a larger pressure should make water more dense than it would be at lower pressures because it means a greater degree of compression around the water.
At room temperature (isothermal conditions,
At
This is ironically more linear, but there you go. From this straight line, we can generate an equation for the relationship. At
#\mathbf(barrho ~~ 0.002487P + 55.345)#
Alright, so what the heck is molar density? It's basically the "molarity" of water. (What? Water has a concentration? Yes, it does!)
At
#color(blue)(barrho) = ("0.9970479" cancel"g")/cancel"mL" xx ("1000" cancel"mL")/"1 L" xx "1 mol"/("18.015" cancel"g")#
#=# #color(blue)("55.345 mol/L")#
PURITY VS. DENSITY
This is kind of a more specific kind of variable, and is not something we necessarily need to worry about for anything other than cleanliness.
Not all water is pure. Sometimes you have calcium and magnesium ions in your water, depending on where you live.
Many research labs have specifically-sourced water called de-ionized water. That way, it is as free of metal-ion contaminants as possible and its density is as accurate as possible.
The more metal-ion contaminants there are, the higher the density would be, because the density is going to be somewhere in between the density of the least dense and of the most dense materials or substances in a mixture or solution, and many metals are more dense than water.
Furthermore, my university's quantitative analysis lab temperature is kept at around