Question

How are non bonding orbitals formed?

Answer 1

All molecular orbitals, including nonbonding orbitals, come from the linear combination of atomic orbitals.

In a simple diatomic molecule such as HF, F has more electrons than H.

The s orbital of H can overlap with the `2p_z` orbital of fluorine to form a bonding σ and an antibonding σ* orbital.

The `p_x` and `p_y` orbitals from the F do not have any other orbitals to combine with. They have become nonbonding molecular orbitals. They look like `p_x` and `p_y` orbitals, but they are now molecular orbitals.

The energies of these orbitals are the same in the molecule as they are in an isolated F atom. Thus, putting an electron into them does not change the stability of the molecule.

NBMOs do not need to look like atomic orbitals. For example, the NBMO of the ozone molecule has its electron density concentrated on the end oxygen atoms. There is no electron density on the central atom.