Biology

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Introduction to Biology

• Foundation of Biology
• Classification and Domains of Life
• Hierarchy of Life (Levels of Organization)
• The Characteristics of Living Things
• Three Domains of Life
• Miller–Urey Experiment

Molecular Biology Basics

• Organic Molecules vs Inorganic Molecules
• Nucleic Acids
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Monomers and Polymers
• Water and Life
• Atoms, Elements, Compounds, and Matter

Enzymes

• Enzymes Overview
• Factors that Affect Enzyme Activity
• Inhibitors (Competitive and Non-Competitive)

DNA Structure and Function

• DNA, Chromosomes and Genes
• Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
• DNA Replication
• Transcription / RNA Synthesis
• Translation / Protein Synthesis
• Meselson-Stahl Experiment
• Watson, Crick, Wilkins, and Franklin

Signal Transduction and Control of Gene Expression

• Signal Transduction Pathways
• Regulatory DNA / RNA / RNAi
• Promoters / Operators
• Lac Operon

The Role of DNA in Evolution

• Universal Presence of DNA
• Mutations
• Protein sequence comparisons
• Comparative Genomics

Genetic Engineering

• DNA Databases
• Extracting DNA from Cells
• DNA / RNA Probes
• Restriction Enzymes
• Bacterial Transformation
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
• DNA Sequencing
• DNA Profiling
• Gel Electrophoresis
• Western Blot
• Protein purification methods
• ELISA / Immunoassays

Cell Structure and Function

• The Cell Theory
• Surface Area to Volume Ratio
• Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
• Organelles in Eukaryotic Cells
• Cytoskeleton
• Microscopic Nature of Cells

Movement In and Out of Cells

• Cell Membrane
• Cell Communication
• Diffusion
• Osmosis
• Active Transport
• Endocytosis and Exocytosis
• Transport Across the Cell Membranes
• Water Potential
• Apoptosis: Programmed Cell Death

Energy in Cells

• Bioenergetics
• Physical Energy vs Chemical Energy
• Energy Transformation
• Autotrophs vs Heterotrophs
• Role of ATP
• Energy in Metabolic Pathways
• Coupled Reactions
• Gibbs Free Energy

The Eukaryotic Cell

• Cell Cycle Overview
• Mitosis
• Binary Fission
• Regulation of the Cell Cycle
• Cancer
• Meiosis

Origin of Life on Earth

• History of Life on Earth
• Endosymbiosis
• The Importance of Oxygen
• Culturing Cells
• Altering Cell Metabolism
• Abiogenesis
• Radioactive Carbon Dating
• The Fossil Record

Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems

• Cellular Specialization
• Compartmentalization
• Homeostatic Evolution
• Interstitial Fluid
• Life Requires Free Energy
• Hierarchical Structure

Coordination and Control

• Nerves and Hormones
• Stimulus-Response Model
• Reflex Response
• Negative Feedback
• Temperature Control in Humans
• The Five Senses

Input and Output

• The Need for Exchange in Organisms
• Characteristics of Good Exchange Surfaces
• Blood Capillaries vs. Lymph Capillaries
• Alveoli in the Lungs
• Villi in the Small Intestine
• Nephrons in the Kidneys

Energy In Organisms

• Photosynthesis
• Aerobic Respiration
• Fermentation / Anaerobic Respiration

Reproduction & Development

• Asexual Reproduction
• Sexual Reproduction
• Haploid vs Diploid
• Embryogenesis
• Human Embryonic and Fetal Development
• HOX genes
• Animal Development / Embryology

Genetics & Inheritance

• X Inactivation
• Genetics Overview
• Punnett Squares
• Chromosomal Genetics
• Epigenetics
• Genotype Expression
• Genotypes & Phenotypes
• Hardy-Weinberg Equation
• Linked Genes
• Mendelian Genetics
• Probability in Genetics

Bioethics

• The Ethics of Genetic Engineering
• Genetically Modified Foods
• Animals and Dissection

Microorganisms

• Archaea
• Bacteria
• Protists
• Viruses
• Viral Replication

Plants

• Finding Stomata
• Plants Overview
• Plant Defense
• Plant Control / Hormones
• Plant Nutrition & Transport
• Plant Structure / Angiosperm vs. Gymnosperm
• Survival on Land
• Seeds vs. Seedless Plants

Animals

• Animals Overview
• Eukarya
• Animal Behavior
• Animal Defense
• Animal Classification
• Endotherm vs. Ectotherm
• Invertebrates vs. Vertebrates

The Elements of an Ecosystem

• Ecosystems Overview
• Species
• Populations and Communities
• Abiotic and Biotic Factors
• The Role of Decomposers
• Niche
• Types of Biomes

Energy in Ecosystems

• Community Food Chains
• Efficiency of Producers and Consumers
• Productivity
• Energy Input and Output on Earth
• Food Webs

Change in Communities

• Types of Changes (Slow and Rapid)
• The Importance of Biodiversity
• Biogeochemical Cycles
• Ecological Succession
• Carrying Capacity
• Opportunistic (r-Selected)
• Equilibrium (K-Selected)
• Logistic Growth

Evolution

• Darwin and the Theory of Evolution
• The Effect of Abiotic and Biotic Factors
• Evolution of Resistant Bacteria
• Genetic Drift
• Migration / Gene Flow
• Stickleback Evolution
• Coevolution
• Microevolution
• Alfred Russell Wallace

Natural Selection

• Sources of Variation
• Importance of Variation for a Species
• Natural Selection Overview
• Speciation
• Aposomatic Coloration
• r/K Selection Theory

Human Impact on Ecosystems

• Human Practices that Change Ecosystems
• Species Extinctions Caused by Humans
• The Importance of Preserving Habitat
• Human Population Growth
• Human Demands on the Biosphere
• Invasive Species

Taxonomy and Systematics

• Molecular Clocks
• Cladistics
• Phylogenetic Trees
• Taxonomy

Fungi

• Fungi Overview
• Role of Fungi in Ecosystem
• Humans and Fungi

Structure and Motion

• Muscles and Motion
• Bones and Support

Immunity

• Innate vs. Acquired Immunity
• Effect of Public Health

Uncategorized Questions

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• How does water density affect life?
• How can water pass through the lipid bilayer?
• How do competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors affect enzyme function?
• How does photosynthesis use oxidation and reduction?
• How is RNA synthesized from DNA?
• How do stop codons affect translation?
• How does natural selection affect allele frequency?
• How can coevolution lead to an increase in biodiversity?
• How do archaea reproduce?
• How do biofilms help bacteria?
• How does the amount of yolk affect cleavage?
• What are hox genes?
• How many alveoli are there in the average male lung?
• What are some examples of rotifers?
• How do tardigrades adapt to their environment?
• How much capacity does the human brain have to store information?
• Is it healthy to only eat breakfast and afterwards only drink water during the day?
• How do I get an A in biology?
• How does Taenia solium perform self fertilization during sexual reproduction even when protandrous condition exists?
• Does photosynthesis occur in green fruit, for instance the green apple?
• What does atrium mean?
• Question #eeb0b
• What does nascent refer to?
• What is the difference between a substrate, ligand, reactant and product?
• Can glycogen act like a hormone?
• What makes flowers smell sweet? Are there any particular chemicals that are released into the surrounding air? If so, which part of the flower is responsible?
• Alveoli are lined by squamous epithelial cell layer. Epithelial cells are essentially avascular. Thus, how does the blood in the body get oxygenated via alveoli?
• What causes ringworm ? What's it's span in the host body ?
• What determines blood type?
• Why viroids and virusoids do not cause diseases in animals ?
• Why it's important to know the location of an intermediate is upstream or downstream? the concept says " "if a strain with a mutant enzyme that blocks a particular step in a linear metabolic pathway can grow when an intermediate is added to the growth.."
• Are viruses living?
• What are some examples of structural polysaccharides?
• I diluted a cell culture by 100X, 100 X and 3X. If the original culture contained #4.76 × 10^6"# cells/mL, how many colonies should I expect to see on the plate?
• What does python have to do with biology?
• Question #b6ed7
• Are our nails, hair and eyes made up from cells?
• Why veins are visible through the skin ?
• What is an example of an antidote therapy?
• What is a semipermeable membrane?
• What is an example of a species that is heterotrophic and autotrophic?
• How do bacteria in the gut use glucose to produce lactic acid?
• What is the first step of cellular respiration?
• Question #3ffbf
• What are myofilaments?
• What is the purpose of fermentation?
• Question #8d914
• What do prokaryotic and eucariotic cells have in common?
• What is the classification of humans?
• Question #18704
• What forensic materials have DNA?
• Question #e2935
• What is stomach acidity it's signs and symptoms ?
• How do human/animal cells move?
• Are cell membrane and membranes of the organelles differently composed?
• Question #ee483
• Question #efdc0
• Question #57f30
• What are isotopes?
• How do bones grow?
• Question #f42d2
• Question #f4f2e
• When do the new nuclei form during mitosis?
• What is cellular respiration?
• What is botulinum toxin?
• Explain lipids and its types?
• What are terpenoid lipids?
• What are gram positive and gram negative bacteria?
• Explain structure and function of phospholipids?
• Question #dd871
• Question #c97a2
• Can we use microscope slides more than once?
• Question #a5137
• Question #a514f
• What is the difference between turgor pressure and osmotic pressure?
• What would happen if during meiosis, chromosomal crossover would not occur?
• What is stratum corneum composed of?
• Question #864be
• What is the goal of cellular respiration?
• Question #8a9b0
• Question #af411
• The lethal dose of tetanus toxin (#M_text(r) = "150 000"#) is 2.5 ng/kg. How many molecules per cell does it take for the tetanus toxin to be lethal to humans?
• Question #7edb6
• How can water be produced by metabolism?
• What kind of plants do not have chlorophyl?
• What does a plant use as food during winter months?
• What does CHNOPS stand for?
• Can a plant cell have chloroplasts,leucoplasts and chromoplasts at the same time?
• Question #e9156
• Question #a1b58
• How do fish and underwater plants breathe?
• What type of cells have more than one nucleus and mitochondria?
• How many types of organs do humans have?
• Question #08c44
• Question #561b3
• Question #88788
• Question #d8160
• What is DNA replication?
• Question #e8627
• Question #81ab5
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