Acid Catalyzed Hydro-alkoxy Addition
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Key Questions
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An acid catalyzed hydro-alkoxy addition is the addition of an alcohol to a C=C double bond to form an ether.
An example is the addition of methanol to 2-methylpropene to form t-butyl methyl ether.
This is an electrophilic addition reaction.
In Step 1, a hydronium or oxonium ion is attacked by the π bond.
In Step 2, the alcohol attacks the carbocation and forms an oxonium ion.
In Step 3, the alcohol deprotonates the oxonium ion to form the ether.
Here’s a video on the addition of alcohols to alkenes.
Ernest Z. · 2 · 4 comments · Dec 13 2014
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The acid-catalyzed alkoxylation is an analogous reaction to the acid-catalyzed hydration (Markovnikov addition of water via acid catalysis), and can go as follows for a substituted alkene and a generic alcohol:
where the racemic mixture of the major or minor products can be written as a line bond instead of both the hash and wedge bonds.
(Had it not been racemic but uneven, a squiggly bond would have been the way to write it.)
The mechanism would go as follows:
with Markovnikov addition giving the major product.
- Protonation of the alkene to create reaction conditions in which an alcohol can be a good nucleophile.
- Nucleophilic backside-attack of the carbocation intermediate.
- Removal of the attached alkoxide's proton (
#"pKa" ~~ -3.6# ) to regenerate the catalyst and form the product(s).
Truong-Son N. · 1 · 9 comments · Nov 17 2015
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Questions
Alkene and Alkyne Addition Reactions
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1Carbocation & Markovnikov's Rule
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2Hydrohalogenation
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3Halogenation
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4Acid Catalyzed Hydration
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5Acid Catalyzed Hydro-alkoxy Addition
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6Hydration via Hydroboration-Oxidation
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7Epoxidation
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8Osmylation-OsO4 (Osmium Tetroxide)
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9Ozonolysis
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10Hydrogenation
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11Introduction to Reactions and Mechanisms